7 Clever Ways Los Angeles Freelancers Can Get a Mortgage on Their Dream Home

7 Clever Ways Los Angeles Freelancers Can Get a Mortgage on Their Dream Home

Turning the dream of homeownership into reality is an exciting milestone — but for freelancers, gig workers, and self-employed professionals, the journey often comes with unique twists and turns. Traditional lenders tend to favor predictable paychecks and standard employment histories, making the path to securing a mortgage for freelancers far from straightforward. If you’ve ever felt your hard-earned independence was an obstacle rather than an asset in the eyes of mortgage lenders, you’re not alone. The good news? Innovative and flexible freelancer mortgage solutions are emerging, designed specifically to address the needs of today’s diverse workforce.
As the freelance economy grows, so too do the creative strategies for financing your ideal home. Navigating the home loan process as a self-employed individual calls for resourcefulness, organization, and a willingness to explore options beyond the conventional. Whether you’re just starting to think about buying or are ready to take action, understanding how to present your financial picture and leverage new tools can give you a real edge. In this guide, we’ll share seven empowering ways freelancers like you can overcome common obstacles and secure a home loan for self-employed professionals — proving that with the right approach, your dream home is well within reach.

Understand Your Financial Profile

For freelancers, one of the biggest hurdles to homeownership is proving financial stability to mortgage lenders. Unlike traditional employees with predictable paychecks and W-2s, freelancers often experience fluctuating income and varied clients, making it harder for lenders to gauge reliability. This is why financial institutions scrutinize freelance income and require thorough documentation as part of their freelancer mortgage solutions. Lenders want reassurance that you can consistently meet your mortgage obligations, so it’s crucial to present a clear and convincing picture of your financial health.
Consistent cash flow and meticulous record-keeping are your strongest allies in this process. For example, if you’re a graphic designer with seasonal peaks, maintaining organized monthly earnings reports will help demonstrate steady income over time — even if individual months vary. Lenders prefer applicants who show at least two years of stable or growing freelance income. By tracking invoices, payments received, and business expenses diligently, you not only prepare for tax season but also make it easier to provide proof of income for freelancers when the time comes to apply for a mortgage.
To boost your chances of approval, start building a comprehensive financial portfolio long before starting the home buying process. This should include recent tax returns (preferably two years), Profit and Loss statements, Bank Statements, and a client list or contract history that highlights ongoing work relationships. Consider using accounting software to streamline your record-keeping and ensure everything is up-to-date and accurate. If possible, create a summary statement that explains your business model, sources of income, and how you manage financial ups and downs — this can help humanize your application and make your case more compelling.
By taking these proactive steps, you’ll be better equipped to navigate the unique challenges of freelancer home buying. Remember: transparency, organization, and preparation are key. Not only will this approach make your application stronger, but it will also empower you to negotiate confidently with lenders and find the freelancer mortgage solutions best suited to your needs.

Boost Your Mortgage Eligibility with Strong Documentation

For freelancers, documentation is your strongest ally when applying for a mortgage. Unlike traditional employees, you won’t have W-2s or a predictable monthly paycheck to show lenders. Instead, be prepared to provide at least two years of personal and business tax returns, current profit and loss statements, bank statements, and 1099 forms. These documents help paint a complete picture of your income streams and financial responsibility. If you’ve diversified your work — say, through multiple clients or projects — include contracts or invoices as additional proof of consistent work.
Demonstrating stable income, even in the face of inevitable fluctuations, is crucial. Lenders will look for patterns rather than perfection. For example, if you had a slow quarter but finished the year strong, highlight how your annual earnings remain consistent or are on an upward trajectory. Supplementary documentation like savings account statements or evidence of recurring client relationships can reinforce your case. These details show lenders that you’re adept at managing the ebb and flow of freelance income — a key factor in qualifying for both traditional loans and alternative mortgage options.
Partnering with a knowledgeable accountant can make all the difference in this process. An accountant experienced in working with freelancers can ensure your profit/loss statements are accurate, help you maximize legitimate deductions without underreporting income, and prepare your financials to meet lender expectations. This professional guidance not only streamlines your mortgage application but also strengthens your eligibility by presenting your business asset financing and personal finances in the best possible light.
Ultimately, strong documentation is about more than just paperwork — it’s about telling your unique financial story with confidence and clarity. By proactively organizing and presenting your records, you empower yourself to explore a wider range of mortgage solutions tailored for freelancers. With these tools in hand, you’re one step closer to turning your dream home into a reality.

Leverage Business Assets and Savings

Freelancers often have a unique advantage when it comes to building up business assets and personal savings — these resources can significantly bolster your mortgage application. Lenders want to see that you have the reserves to weather slow periods, and a healthy savings account or robust business cash reserves demonstrates financial stability. For example, if you’ve set aside several months’ worth of living expenses or can show consistent deposits into a business savings account, it signals to lenders that you’re prepared for the unpredictable nature of freelance income. In many freelancer mortgage solutions, these savings can be used to strengthen your application or even serve as part of your down payment.
It’s essential, however, to clearly separate your business and personal finances. Not only does this create a clearer picture for underwriters reviewing your application, but it also simplifies your own record-keeping and tax reporting. Open dedicated checking and savings accounts for your freelance business and regularly transfer your earnings into your personal accounts as income. This organization makes it easier to provide clean bank statements and reduces confusion during the mortgage approval process, especially if you’re considering Bank Statement Loans, which rely heavily on clear documentation of income flow.
Beyond regular savings, don’t overlook the power of retirement accounts or investment portfolios as evidence of freelancer financial health. Even if you don’t plan to tap into these funds for your Home Purchase, showing healthy balances in IRAs, 401(k)s, or brokerage accounts reassures lenders of your long-term financial responsibility and liquidity. Some Loan Programs may even allow you to use these assets as a compensating factor if your income fluctuates seasonally or annually. By highlighting all facets of your financial picture — including business assets, personal savings, and investments — you can present yourself as a secure and reliable borrower, opening more doors to creative freelancer mortgage solutions.

Explore Alternative Lenders and Loan Programs

For freelancers and self-employed professionals, qualifying for a mortgage through traditional banks can feel like navigating a maze of rigid requirements and outdated expectations. Fortunately, today’s mortgage landscape is evolving, with a growing number of alternative lenders who understand the unique rhythms of freelance income. These non-traditional lenders are often more flexible in evaluating your financial situation, focusing on overall cash flow and business health rather than just W-2 forms or pay stubs.
Special loan programs designed specifically for self-employed applicants are also making homeownership more accessible. For instance, some lenders offer “bank statement loans,” where your last 12–24 months of bank statements are used for freelance income verification instead of tax returns. Others may accept profit-and-loss statements or use a combination of personal and business assets to assess your ability to repay. These options recognize that while your income may fluctuate month to month, your long-term earning potential can be strong and reliable.
When comparing these alternative options to conventional mortgages, it’s important to weigh both requirements and benefits. While you might face higher Interest Rates or need a larger down payment with some alternative lenders, you’ll benefit from a more personalized underwriting process that takes your actual financial picture into account. Additionally, many of these programs streamline documentation, making the application process less daunting for freelancers juggling multiple income streams. By exploring these forward-thinking solutions, you can find a mortgage path that truly fits your entrepreneurial lifestyle — turning the dream of homeownership into an achievable reality.

Consider a Larger Down Payment

For freelancers, one of the most effective ways to strengthen a mortgage application is by making a larger down payment. Lenders often see self-employed applicants as higher risk due to fluctuating incomes and unconventional financial profiles. By offering a bigger upfront investment — typically 20% or more — you can offset some of this perceived risk, signaling your financial stability and commitment. This approach not only increases your chances of approval but also gives you access to better freelancer mortgage solutions, including potentially Lower Interest Rates and reduced private mortgage insurance requirements.
Saving for a substantial down payment may seem daunting, especially when your income varies from month to month. However, adopting targeted down payment strategies freelancers can make a significant difference. Consider automating transfers into a dedicated savings account each time you receive client payments, or earmark a percentage of every invoice for your home fund. Diversifying your income streams — such as taking on high-value projects during peak seasons or offering workshops — can also accelerate your savings goals. Remember, separating business and personal finances will help you clearly track your progress and maintain disciplined saving habits.
A larger down payment doesn’t just improve your loan approval odds; it can also enhance the overall affordability of your dream home. By reducing the amount you need to borrow, you’ll likely secure lower monthly payments and save thousands over the life of your mortgage. Lenders may reward your financial prudence with more favorable terms, especially if your credit score tips freelancers toward the excellent range. This dual focus on saving aggressively and maintaining strong credit will empower you to present the most compelling case possible to any lender.
Ultimately, making a larger down payment is an empowering step for freelancers seeking homeownership. It demonstrates financial foresight and resilience — qualities lenders value highly in self-employed applicants. By planning ahead and leveraging creative savings strategies, you can turn the challenge of variable income into an opportunity to showcase your readiness for this exciting new chapter.

Build and Maintain Excellent Credit

For freelancers, a strong credit score is one of the most powerful tools in securing a mortgage on favorable terms. Because self-employed income can appear unpredictable to lenders, your credit profile often becomes a key indicator of your financial reliability. Lenders look closely at your history of managing debt and making timely payments to gauge how you might handle a long-term commitment like a home loan. A high credit score not only improves your chances of approval but can also unlock lower interest rates, saving you thousands of dollars over the life of your mortgage.
Building and maintaining excellent credit begins with simple, disciplined habits. Always pay your bills — credit cards, loans, utilities — on time. Even a single missed payment can have a negative impact on your score. If possible, set up automatic payments or calendar reminders to ensure nothing slips through the cracks, especially during busy work periods or travel for client projects. Keep your credit card balances well below your limits; ideally, use less than 30% of your available credit at any given time. This demonstrates to lenders that you can responsibly manage borrowing without overextending yourself.
Another crucial factor is your debt-to-income ratio (DTI), which compares your monthly debt payments to your income. As a freelancer, this means being mindful of both personal and business debts. Reducing outstanding balances — whether on credit cards, auto loans, or business lines of credit — not only improves your DTI but also signals to lenders that you have healthy financial habits. For example, consider paying down a high-interest business loan before applying for a mortgage to present yourself as a lower-risk borrower.
Don’t forget to regularly review your credit reports for errors or outdated information. Freelancers often juggle multiple accounts and revenue streams, increasing the likelihood of reporting mistakes. Use free annual credit report services to check all three major bureaus, and dispute any inaccuracies promptly. By staying proactive about your credit health, you’ll position yourself as an attractive candidate in the eyes of mortgage lenders — turning your freelance success into a solid foundation for homeownership.

Partner with a Mortgage Broker Experienced with Freelancers

Navigating the mortgage landscape as a freelancer can feel overwhelming, but partnering with a mortgage broker who specializes in freelancer mortgage solutions can make all the difference. Unlike traditional brokers, those experienced with self-employed clients understand the nuances of fluctuating income streams, diverse tax situations, and the unique documentation freelancers must provide. They are well-versed in overcoming the hurdles that often trip up independent professionals and can advocate on your behalf to lenders who may not be familiar with freelance work patterns.
A knowledgeable broker acts as a Bridge, connecting you with lenders and loan products specifically tailored to the self-employed. For example, some lenders offer bank statement loans or alternative documentation programs, which consider your actual cash flow rather than just W-2s or pay stubs. An experienced broker can assess your financial profile and match you to these innovative products, increasing your chances of approval while potentially securing more favorable terms. They also stay updated on changing lender criteria and can alert you to opportunities or new programs designed for freelancers.
When choosing a broker, it’s essential to ask the right questions to ensure they have the expertise you need. Inquire about their experience working with freelancers and how many self-employed clients they’ve helped secure mortgages in the past year. Ask which lenders or loan programs they recommend for independent contractors and how they plan to present your application to highlight your strengths. A reputable broker should be transparent about their process and fees, and willing to share client testimonials or case studies that demonstrate successful outcomes for people like you.
By aligning yourself with a broker who truly understands freelancer mortgage solutions, you’re not just gaining access to a wider range of options — you’re empowering yourself with an advocate dedicated to your homeownership goals. With their guidance, you can confidently navigate the process, overcome common obstacles, and take strategic steps toward financing your dream home.

Empower Your Path to Homeownership

Securing your dream home as a freelancer is entirely within reach when you leverage innovative strategies tailored to your unique financial journey. By understanding your financial profile, maintaining strong documentation, utilizing business assets, exploring alternative lenders, considering a larger down payment, building excellent credit, and partnering with experienced mortgage brokers, you can unlock a wide array of freelancer mortgage solutions. These practical steps not only strengthen your mortgage application but also demonstrate to lenders that you are a reliable and prepared borrower.
Remember, proactive planning and seeking expert advice are key components on your path to homeownership. Embrace your entrepreneurial spirit and take advantage of resources designed for self-employed professionals. With determination, organization, and the right support, you can confidently navigate the mortgage process and achieve meaningful results — proving that homeownership is not just possible for freelancers, but entirely attainable.

5 Emerging Real Estate Trends to Get Ready for in 2020

5 Emerging Real Estate Trends to Get Ready for in 2020

Real Estate seems to be one of those investment classes that is always viable to investors, simply due to the versatility of the asset and the numerous ways you can build a positive ROI. Whether you are selling or leasing, or if you’re buying during an economic shift for an affordable price with the intention to wait until the property prices rise again, there are numerous ways you can capitalize on your real estate investment. For example, in 2019 in the US alone, median home prices went all the way up to $316,000, making it one of the best years for real estate agents and experienced investors.Now that 2020 is well under way, it’s time to prepare for the new emerging trends and adjust your strategy for the new year, whether you are a buyer or a seller. Let’s take a look at some of the top trends you need to get ready for and act on sooner rather than later.

Home prices continue to rise

The growth trend for home prices in the US that has been persevering through 2018 and 2019 seems to the waning, and experts even predict that, while it will continue to rise, the average home price in 2020 will grow by only 2.8%. This means that investors and homebuyers, in general, will be able to take their time selecting the best properties for their needs, without fear of losing out on a good deal and having to overinvest. If you are a seller, you can expect fewer homebuyers to come your way simply because the elevated prices are squeezing them out of the market, however, that also means that affluent buyers will stay in the game.On the other side, if you are a buyer, you will have to tend to some meticulous financial planning, forecasting, and property research. It’s important that you figure out the monthly mortgage payment according to your budget, and then make sure you stay within that amount. Search for properties that are low on the price list that you can fix up over time and as you build up your financial capabilities. Real Estate Trends 2020 (1)

Accommodating seniors and Gen Z-ers

While the majority of homebuyers are still millennials, it’s important to note that other demographics are jumping into the fray and that real estate professionals need to optimize their offers and portfolios for other types of customers. Namely, 2020 will see a rise in senior buyers as well as Gen Z buyers. With millions of people entering their silver years and millions of young people entering their home-buying years, it’s important to adapt and stage every home according to the unique needs of these generations.This is the only way to appeal to the modern buyer irrespective of age, as both generations will have very different lifestyle preferences and requirements. When you’re showing a home, you have to appeal to their current and future needs, which means thinking strategically about what seniors need vs what young people might be looking for. Remember to emphasize indoor safety for the senior buyers, and high-tech features for the tech-savvy Gen Z-ers.

The rise of display homes

Now that buyers are taking a more careful and calculated approach to property acquisition, it’s important to note that their decision-making process is evolving as a result. Whether they are looking to buy into a property development project that in its early stages, or if they are looking into plots of land to build their own homes, people are becoming very particular about the architects and builders they work with. In countries where property prices are sky-high, such as Australia, this has already become a major trend.This is also why the popularity of luxury display homes in Sydney has skyrocketed in recent years, and why it will continue to rise in 2020, as Australian buyers want and need to examine the builder’s capabilities in real life rather than looking at online portfolios, pictures, and case studies. Display homes will become more popular in all high-priced regions of the world, so be sure to prepare for this trend whether you are an investor, an architect, or a buyer.

The neighborhood is not a deciding factor

Surprisingly, the neighborhood where the property resides doesn’t seem to be a deciding factor anymore. Yes, buyers will still research the neighborhood thoroughly, but they will be more inclined to give less-than-ideal neighborhoods a pass if the property is more affordable, or if there are other valuable features that the home can provide. For sellers, this is an opportunity to sell a home in a less popular neighborhood, and for buyers who are working with a limited budget, this is an opportunity to find a new home without breaking the bank.Real Estate Trends 2020 (2)

Technology will fuel market research

Finally, all investors and real estate experts need to invest in technology in order to capitalize on industry trends and market insights this year, and in the years to come. With more and more valuable data flowing around the digital realm, it becomes impossible to conduct predictive analytics manually anymore, which is why you need to integrate AI-driven data analysis into your operation to organize all of that data into actionable reports and create accurate forecasts that will drive your business strategy forward.

Wrapping up

In 2020, many trends that have been persisting in the past will stay relevant, but some will bring significant change to the industry that all parties should be aware of. With these insights in mind, go ahead and optimize your processes for the new year and pave the road to success.

How Homeowners Can Increase Value of Their Older Home

Older homes have charming appeal that many home buyers are drawn to. In fact, it may have been one of the reasons why you decided to purchase your current home. If you own an older home and are preparing to sell it in the near future, you may be banking on your home’s historic character to attract offers. However, you may also be interested in generating the maximum profit possible from the sale. There are several improvements that you can make to an older home that will help you to generate a faster offer at a higher price point.

 

Make Energy Efficient Improvements

 

Energy efficiency is not just the latest buzzword in the Real Estate industry. It equates to real financial savings for homeowners over the years, and it also can impact the environment considerably. Many home buyers are drawn to energy efficient homes, but older homes are unfortunately not built with this in mind. You can take numerous steps to address energy efficiency in your older home. For example, you can replace your HVAC system or water heater. If your system is very old and needs repair work, your home warranty may even pay for a portion of the replacement. Adding more insulation, replacing windows and re-sealing doors and windows can also be beneficial.

 

Enhance the Square Footage

 

While many homeowners may be drawn to the charm and architectural detail in an older home, they also often prefer the open floor plan that is commonly associated with newer designs. Taking down a wall or two in the home to open up the kitchen to the dining and living areas can add great appeal to your home. If possible, you can also finish out an attic or basement to add even more functional square footage to the home.

 

Update the Kitchen and Bathrooms

 

Because many of the features in a kitchen and bathrooms are built-in features, they are often dated. Some buyers may find charm in these older features, but in many cases, they need to be restored or updated so that they are more functional and appealing. When you are renovating these spaces, try to resource materials as much as possible. In addition, retain the historic character of the home while adding modern features. For example, an antique look on the cabinets paired with modern appliances is a great combination for a kitchen in an older home.

 

Add Fresh Paint to the Walls and Trim

 

Re-painting the interior and exterior of the home is a rather affordable project to complete, and it can add dramatic appeal to the space. Fresh paint makes a home look cleaner and brighter, and this is particularly true when the right colors are selected for the home. Because many rooms in an older home are smaller in size, use painting techniques to create the illusion of space for maximum results.

 

Focus on Curb Appeal

 

While home buyers may be sold on a home based on the interior design and condition, the curb appeal can play a large role in enticing buyers to stop by and tour the home. Curb appeal is instantly noticeable when buyers are searching online for listings, and it makes a first impression on the buyer when he or she arrives for an on-site visit. Spending time refreshing the lawn, trimming bushes and updating flower beds can enhance your property’s value and appeal.

 

An older home has special charm and personality that many newer homes lack, and this can be an instant selling point. However, when you are focused on maximizing the return you can get from selling your home, you may need to spend time making some repairs and improvements to the home. These are some of the projects that are most commonly needed with older homes and that can have a major impact on property value. Analyze your property to determine how these ideas can benefit your space.

Shopping Tips for This Year’s Home Buying Season

A whopping 50 percent of homes are sold in the summer. Even though there can be benefits to buying at other times of the year, you might find that shopping for a home during the traditional home buying season is ideal, since you can go house shopping while the weather is warm and so that you can buy a home and move in-between school years for your kids.

 

Regardless of why you are choosing to go shopping now for your home, you probably want to make sure that the process goes as smoothly as possible. Luckily, if you follow these tips, you can help ensure that you have the best possible success when shopping for a home.

 

Set Your Budget First

 

First of all, you’ll want to set your budget first. There is really no reason to waste your time looking at homes that you can’t afford, after all. Plus, you don’t want to buy more home than you can easily afford, which can make things a lot more stressful once you’re actually in the home and making your mortgage payments.

 

There are online calculators and basic formulas that you can use when deciding how much of a home you can afford. However, you will generally only want to use these numbers as a starting point. Only you really know how much you feel comfortable paying for a home each month, so it can be worth it for you to sit down, make a budget and get a number in mind of how much house you can afford before you ever start shopping around.

 

Get Prequalified

 

If you are unsure of whether or not you will be able to actually qualify for a mortgage, it can pay for you to work with a mortgage lender to get prequalified. Few things can be as upsetting as house shopping and falling in love with a house only to find that you can’t actually buy it because you can’t get approved for the loan. By working with a lender now, you can determine if you will be able to get a mortgage and can get an idea of how much you will get approved for.

 

Make a List

 

Before you start shopping, think about the things that are most important to you. You might want to have a certain number of bedrooms to ensure that the home will be a good fit for your family, for example, or you might prefer a home that has a nice, large yard for gardening. Making a list of these things can make it easier for a Real Estate agent to show you homes that you will actually be interested in and can help keep you focused on what you really want so that you don’t start looking at homes that won’t be a good fit.

 

Don’t Be Afraid to Negotiate

 

When looking at homes, don’t be afraid to negotiate. In many cases, you can negotiate a lower price on a home. Some sellers are also willing to take certain steps to sweeten the deal and encourage you to choose their home out of the ones that you are looking at, such as by covering closing costs or adding in a budget to swap out the flooring or to paint.

 

Plan for Other Costs

 

You shouldn’t just be thinking about the cost of buying the home. You should also be planning for other costs, such as by saving up for closing costs, shopping around for home and auto insurance quotes so that you can secure affordable homeowner’s insurance and thinking about how much you will have to spend in utility deposits and moving expenses.

 

If you are getting ready to start shopping for your dream home, you probably want to ensure that the process goes smoothly. Luckily, following these tips can help you enjoy the best possible success when shopping for the home of your dreams.

5 Tips to Buying a New Home

Purchasing a new home is usually a complicated and stressing experience. One wrong move can kill the deal in minutes. You have to play it safe to get what you want. Here are some key tips you need to consider.

 

Know What You Want

A Real Estate agent can only help if you know exactly what you want. Be specific about your requirements so that the agent can identify the right house for you. This may include the number of bedrooms, type of exterior, floor plan, security of the neighborhood, noise level and desired footage. You might also consider the distance of the house from the grocery stores, schools, restaurants, highways, hospitals and places of worship. Knowing exactly what you want will minimize surprises and enhance the quality of search. You will also save a lot of time spent in evaluating various homes you come across.

 

Get Your Loan Pre-approved

You can apply for a mortgage to finance your house in a cheaper and more convenient way. However, you need to make sure it is pre-approved before you proceed with the buying process. Make sure your credit score is within the acceptable limits to get pre-approved with the best interests possible. Avoid a new debt, as this will complicate the process and reduce the amount you qualify for. You should also consider paying down your consumer debt since most banks factor in your debt-income-ratio when approving your application. It is wise to get pre-approved for the mortgage before bidding on a house to avoid major disappointments associated with failed applications.

 

Choose a Good Real Estate Agent

Choose a real estate agent who can communicate and listen to your demands. A good real estate agent should also be in a position to adjust well to your needs and work within the set timeline. There are about two million active real estate agents out there, so you need to employ effective strategies when selecting the most suited person for the job. Choose a real estate agent by looking at his track record. Let him provide you with at least 20 past clients. Ask the clients about their overall experience with the agent and whether he worked up to their expectations. You can also do some research online or ask friends and family members who have had a previous experience with a real estate agent for recommendations. Above all, ensure the agent is fully certified and licensed by the relevant state agencies.

 

Consider Location

You surely don’t want a home that is located in a place with no good highways, grocery shops or schools. For instance, a place with poor roads will only damage your vehicle and increase the premiums in your auto insurance coverage. Convenient access to popular places, restaurants and shops will make your life easier and enjoyable. Be aware of things associated with a bad location. A home in a busy intersection or near a fire station will make the environment very uncomfortable. Same applies to homes located in open neighborhoods with no security provisions.

 

Save Enough Cash

There are a lot of things that come with buying a new home. You need to have enough money to sort them out quickly when they come up. Some of the related expenses you will have to deal with include earnest money deposits, home appraisal and home inspection. Running out of money when the deal is in the middle will force you to pull out. You don’t want to find yourself in this situation, especially if the house has all the things you always wanted. You should also expect your mortgage financier to ask for a down payment ranging from 3.5 to 5 percent.

About one million Americans buy new homes every year. You could be among them, but only if you employ effective strategies when purchasing your new home. The tips discussed above could help you make prudent choices when selecting the home you want for your entire life.